earth SYSTEM

Earth science generally recognizes 4 spheres, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere as correspondent to rocks, water, air, and life. Some scientists include, as part of the spheres of the Earth, the cryosphere, a distinct portion of the hydrosphere, as well as the pedosphere,a active and intermixed sphere. Earth science,a all-embracing term form the sciences related  the planet Earth.There are four major disciplines in earth sciences, namely geography, geology, geophysics and geodesy. The major disciplines; physics, chemistry, biology, chronology and mathematics a qualitative and quantitative understanding to the principal area of the Earth system.


The crust, lithosphere, a the outermost solid surface of the planet and is chemically and mechanically different from underlying mantle.a has been generated large from igneous process in which magma, cools and solidifies to form solid rock. Beneath the lithosphere mantle which is heated from decay of radioactive elements. The mantle though solid  in a state a rheic convection. This convection process causes the lithospheric to move, albeit slowly. The process is known as plate tectonics.Volcanoes result primarily by  melting the subducted  material or the rising mantle at mid-ocean ridges and mantle plumes

A ocean is a major body the saline water, a component of the hydrosphere. Approximately (71%) at the Earth's surface , is covered by ocean, a continuous body of water that is customarily divided the several principal oceans and smaller seas. More than half of this area is over 3,000 meters deep. Average oceanic salinity around 35 parts per thousand  (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity, in the range of (30 to 38).Though generally recognized as several 'separate' oceans, these waters comprise one global, interconnected body of salt water. often referred to as the World Ocean or global ocean.That is concept  a global ocean as a continuous body of water with relatively free interchange among it is parts is fundamental importance to oceanography. The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the continents,archipelagos,and other criteria; these divisions are the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean,Indian Ocean,Southern Ocean,and Arctic Ocean.

 river is a natural watercourse, freshwater,a ocean, a lake, a sea or.a few cases,a river simply flows ground or dries up completely before reaching another body of water. Small rivers may also be termed by several other names, including stream, creek and brook.the United States as a watercourse more than 60 feet wide. The water in a river is usually in a channel, made up of a stream bed between banks. In larger rivers there is also a wider floodplain shaped by flood-waters over-topping the channel. Flood plains may be very wide in relation to the size of the river channel. Rivers are a part of the hydrological cycle. Water within a river is generally collected from precipitation through surface runoff, groundwater recharge, springs, and the release of water stored in glaciers and snowpacks.

A stream is a flowing body of water with a current, confined within a bed and stream banks. Streams play an important corridor role in connecting fragmented habitats and thus in conserving biodiversity. The study of streams and waterways in general is known as surface hydrology.Types of streams include creeks, tributaries, which do not reach an ocean and connect with another stream or river, brooks, which are typically small streams and sometimes sourced from a spring or seep and tidal inlets.

Main article: Lake

A swamp area in Everglades National Park, Florida, USA.

A lake is a terrain feature, a body of water that is localized to the bottom of basin. A body of water is considered a lake when it is inland, is not part of a ocean, is larger and deeper than a pond, and is fed by a river.
Natural lakes on Earth are generally found in mountainous areas, rift zones, and areas with ongoing or recent glaciation. Other lakes are found in endorheic basins or along the courses of mature rivers. In some parts of the world, there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last Ice Age. All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales, as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing